Esocoidei
| Esocoidei Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Northern pike (Esox lucius) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Salmoniformes |
| Suborder: | Esocoidei Bleeker, 1859 |
| Type species | |
| Esox lucius | |
| Families | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The Esocoidei (/ˈiːsɒsɪfɔːrmiːz/) is a small suborder of freshwater ray-finned fish, one of two suborders in the order Salmoniformes. It contains two families, Umbridae and Esocidae.[1][2] The pikes of genus Esox give the order its name.
This order is closely related to the Salmonoidei, the two comprising the order Salmoniformes.[3] The esociform fishes first appeared in the late Cretaceous — early products of the Euteleostei radiation of that time.[4] They diverged from their sister group Salmoniformes about 110 million years ago, with the extant species having evolved from a common ancestor that lived about 90 million years ago.[5] Today, they are found in weed-choked freshwater habitats in North America and northern Eurasia.
Taxonomy
[edit]In the past, they were often placed in the order Salmoniformes as the suborder Esocoidei.[4] During the early 21st century, due to their morphological divergence from Salmoniformes, they were instead treated as their own order, Esociformes.[6] However, as phylogenetic studies have increasingly affirmed the relationship of Salmoniformes and Esociformes, more recent taxonomic authorities have revived the old classification of placing esocoids as a suborder of the Salmoniformes.[1][3]
The following families are placed in this group:[1]
- Suborder Esocoidei
Two fossil genera from the Late Cretaceous of North America are also considered basal members of this group: †Estesesox Wilson, Brinkman & Neuman, 1992 and †Oldmanesox Wilson, Brinkman & Neuman, 1992. Their presence makes esocids one of the few North American freshwater teleost groups to have diversified prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.[3][4]
The three extant esocid genera (Esox, Novumbra, and Dallia) together comprise a holarctic distribution. Two additional genera have been described from fossils dating to the Cretaceous of North America.[7] Umbra remains the only extant genus in the family Umbridae, and can be found in eastern North America and Europe. Three additional genera have been described from fossils dating from the Paleocene of Europe; however, genetic studies on the extant species of Umbra have recovered a split between the North American and European species dating to the Late Cretaceous and earliest half of the Paleogene.[8]
Relationships
[edit]While the family Esocidae traditionally only contained the genus Esox, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered Novumbra and Dallia as members of the family Esocidae, being closer related to Esox than Umbra. Umbra is the only remaining extant species in Umbridae.[8] Various fossils have been described as members of Esociformes and are placed on the following tree accordingly.[9]
| Esocoidei | |
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
- ^ Robison, Henry W.; Buchanan, Thomas M. (11 March 2020). Fishes of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1-68226-103-3.
- ^ a b c Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101. ISSN 0079-032X.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Mark V. H.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Neuman, Andrew G. (1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (5): 839–846. doi:10.1017/S0022336000020849. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ Pan, Qiaowei; Feron, Romain; Jouanno, Elodie; Darras, Hugo; Herpin, Amaury; Koop, Ben; Rondeau, Eric; Goetz, Frederick W.; Larson, Wesley A.; Bernatchez, Louis; Tringali, Mike; Curran, Stephen S.; Saillant, Eric; Denys, Gael Pj; von Hippel, Frank A. (2021). "The rise and fall of the ancient northern pike master sex-determining gene". eLife. 10: e62858. doi:10.7554/eLife.62858. PMC 7870143. PMID 33506762.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
- ^ Wilson, M.; Brinkman, D.; Neuman, A. (1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (5): 839–846. Bibcode:1992JPal...66..839W. doi:10.1017/S0022336000020849. S2CID 132270276.
- ^ a b Marić, Saša; Stanković, David; Wanzenböck, Josef; Šanda, Radek; Erős, Tibor; Takács, Péter; Specziár, András; Sekulić, Nenad; Bănăduc, Doru; Ćaleta, Marko; Trombitsky, Ilya (May 2017). "Phylogeography and population genetics of the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) with a time-calibrated phylogeny for the family Umbridae". Hydrobiologia. 792 (1): 151–168. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-3051-9. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 254550945.
- ^ Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101. ISSN 0079-032X.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Esociformes". FishBase. October 2004 version.